Baló-like Lesion With Psoriasis and Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Balà ³-like Lesion With Psoriasis and Autoimmune Thyroiditis BALÓ-LIKE LESION ASSOCIATED WITH PSORIASIS AND CHRONIC AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS Authors: Corina Roman-Filip1, Aurelian Ungureanu2, Ileana Prăvariu3 Abstract Variants of multiple sclerosis are seldom encountered in clinical practice, sometimes with reserved prognosis or possibly serious disability. These pathologies are characterized by atypical demyelinating lesions such as Balà ³-type lesions or tumefactive lesions. The mechanism behind these lesions still remains a debate, since genetic and immune factors are incriminated. We present a case of multiple sclerosis variant with remarkably good outcome in association with autoimmune thyroiditis and psoriasis. This concomitant process questions the possibility of shared immune pathogenesis regarding the activation of T helper 17 cells lineage and mitochondrial oxidative stress. The imagistic appearance of the found lesions raises discussions on a possible radiologic diagnosis. Keywords: Balà ³-type lesions; tumefactive lesions; psoriasis; autoimmune thyroiditis; T helper 17 cells; Introduction Pathologist Jà ³zsef Balà ³ described a particular form of demyelinating disease, leukoencephalitis periaxialis concentrica, classically named Balà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s concentric sclerosis (BCS). Nowadays, this is defined as a variant of multiple sclerosis. The intensive use of magnetic resonance showed an increasing number of different types of demyelinating lesions. Some of these are specific, but a large variety is under debate regarding the classification. Tumefactive demyelinating lesions (pseudotumoral) can sometimes present a degree of concentricity and can be easily mistaken for a genuine Balà ³ lesion, or at least a Balà ³-like demyelinating lesion. Historically, the variants of multiple sclerosis were regarded as serious disabling inflammatory damages of the central nervous system, but recent works have demonstrated that the course of the disease may be more variable, at least regarding BCS. Imagistic studies can lead to a better appreciation on the prognosis of BCS and its ass ociation with other types of demyelinating lesions [1]. The pathological mechanism behind it still remains a debate, although one can find similarities with multiple sclerosis (MS) and even overlapping lesions of these conditions. Case report We present the case of a 40-year-old woman admitted for mild incoordination of the left arm and speech impairment. The patient’s medical history is positive for psoriasis (since 2002) and autoimmune thyroiditis under treatment with levothyroxine 50 ug/day (since 2010). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies revealed FLAIR and T2 weighted inhomogeneous hyperintense lesions with concentric enhanced and non-enhanced lesions on T1 with gadolinium contrast (fig 1ab). The lesion was characterized as atypical demyelinating with 22.5/21.6 mm in size, with late concentric enhancement and without mass effect. Additionally, two demyelinating periventricular enhancing lesions were found (fig 1def). A biochemistry panel, antinuclear antibodies, anti-ds DNA antibodies, ANCA antibodies, anti Ro antibodies and anti-Borrelia antibodies were negative. Slight pleocytosis (16 cells/mm3 with 75% monocytes) was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid together with present oligoclonal bands and normal proteins. Serum myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, myelin basic protein antibodies, IgG anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies were negative. Moreover, a high serum titre of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (60.73 IU/mL – normal Discussion The association of the pathologies described may seem incidental. However, strong research evidence shows the implication of Thelper17 cells (Th17) and Interleukin 17 (Il17) in the autoimmune pathways of MS, autoimmune endocrinopathy and psoriasis [2,3]. BCS type lesions and MS lesions may both be present simultaneously in the same patient, and Balà ³-like lesions may change over time into the classic appearance of MS lesions [4]. The lesions are characteristic, with rings of demyelination, surrounded by partial demyelinated regions, reflecting the concentricity within the lesion. The lesion type is classified as MS pattern III with oligodendrocyte loss, microglial activation and loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein [4]. Studies of 7 Tesla MRI support the microvascular pathology associated to inflammation, which seems to be consistent with pattern III lesions [5]. These studies are sustained by identifying Notch 3 mutation in a patient with BCS phenotype and a family history of No tch 3 mutation carriers and CADASIL. Mitochondrial respiratory chain disturbance and the expression of some molecules probably tend to precondition hypoxic tissue to inflammation, such as mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 [6]. Furthermore, new cellular biology studies of cancer found that hsp70 can mediate the Th17 differentiation [1]. We consider that the simultaneity with the autoimmune endocrinopathy and psoriasis may be more than incidental and raises the hypothesis of probable linkage of the proinflammatory and autoimmune role of Th17 cells lineage with mitochondrial oxidative stress. Compliance with Ethical Standards Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study Fig. 1 a. T1 gadolinium sequence showing a frontal demyelinating lesion with concentric enhancing rings (arrow); b. T2 weighted image with concentric rings of demyelination and myelinated regions (arrow); c. DWI sequence with diffusion restriction in the active lesion; d. T1 gadolinium enhancement of periventricular lesion (arrowhead); e. Enhancing periventricular lesion in the occipital lobe (arrowhead); f. Coronal T2 small demyelinating lesion (arrowhead) with enhancement on T1 (not shown) Fig. 2 a. T1 gadolinium sequence showing a significant improvement six months later (arrow); b. T2 weighted image showing the demyelinating lesion markedly decreased (arrow); c. DWI; d, e, f. Improvement of demyelinating lesions References Hardy TA,Miller DH (2014) Balà ³s concentric sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 13(7):740-6. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70052-3. Kottke T, Sanchez-Perez L, Diaz RM, Thompson J, Chong H, Harrington K, Calderwood SK, Pulido J, Georgopoulos N, Selby P, Melcher A, Vile R (2007) Induction of hsp70-Mediated Th17 Autoimmunity Can Be Exploited as Immunotherapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 67(24):11970-11979. Bossowski A, Moniuszko M, Dabrowska M, Rusak M, Jeznach M, Bodzenta-Ã…Â ukaszyk A, Bossowska A (2013) Role of Th17 cells and IL-17, IL-23 cytokines in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease in children. Thyroid Research 6(Suppl 2):A8.doi:10.1186/1756-6614-6-S2-A8. Stadelmann C, Ludwin S, Tabira T, Guseo A, Lucchinetti CF, Leel-Ossy L, Ordinario AT, Brà ¼ck W, Lassmann H (2005) Tissue preconditioning may explain concentric lesions in Balà ³s type of multiple sclerosis. Brain 128(Pt 5):979-87. doi:10.1093/brain/awh457. Berghoff M, Schlamann MU, Maderwald S, Grams AE, Kaps M, Ladd ME, Gizewski ER (2013) 7 Tesla MRI demonstrates vascular pathology in Balos concentric sclerosis. Mult Scler 19(1):120-122. doi: 10.1177/1352458512445302. Chitnis T, Hollmann TJ (2012) CADASIL mutation and Balo concentric sclerosis: a link between demyelination and ischemia? Neurology 78(3):221-3. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823fcd3c.

Concussions †Managing the Risk Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Concussions – Managing the Risk Imagine that one day you woke up and could no longer do the simple things you enjoy in life. What if you couldn’t even read the paper or watch a movie with a loved one? Many current and former athletes are suffering through this every day, and the reason for this is long-term brain damage which is a direct result of concussions. Unfortunately concussions have been rising at an alarming rate. This trend has not only been occurring in big money professional sports, but also in amateur sports like youth soccer. Concussions are quickly becoming an epidemic across the entire sporting world. Each year about 300 000 amateur and professional athletes suffer head injuries (Mcphee 1). Athletics must make some significant changes to deal with this ongoing crisis. First of all, more research must be done on concussions and athletes must be more informed about the risks they are taking. Secondly, the athletic community must look at the role of technology in sports and decide how i t should be applied to help improve this situation. Finally, the governing bodies of sport must implement rule changes to protect athletes from unnecessary risks during competition. Until these issues are addressed, this alarming trend of long-term brain injury will continue throughout the sporting world. A concussion is most often defined as a trauma induced alteration in mental status that may or may not involve loss of consciousness (Leclerc 2). Concussions can be sorted into three grades. The least serious is a grade one or mild concussion; this type of concussion occurs when there is no loss of consciousness and the posttraumatic amnesia is less than thirty minutes. The second grade of concussion is a grade two... ...?† Chronicle of Higher Education. Vol. 48.12, p.17. 16 November 2001. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. Moore, Anne. â€Å"Riddell tackling school market; Helmet design aims to lessen concussions. Crain’s Chicago Business. 5 August 2002. Gen’l Reference Ctr Gold. Infotrac. Potter, Douglass. â€Å"Effects of closed head injury on cognitive function.† University of Dundee Research Projects. 28 February 2003. . Roos, Robert. â€Å"Guidelines for Managing Concussion in Sports: A Persistent Headache.† The Physician and Sports Medicine. Date of visit unknown. . Schnirring, Lisa. â€Å"How Effective is Computerized Concussion Management?† Physician and Sportsmedicine. Vol. 29.8, p. 11. August 2001. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost.

Appearance Vs. Reality Essay -- essays research papers

In Hamlet, one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, the young prince of Denmark must uncover the truth about his fathers death. Hamlet shows a play that tells the story of a young prince whose father recently died. Hamlets uncle Claudius marries his mother the queen and takes the throne. As the play is told Hamlet finds out his father was murdered by the recently crowned king. The theme that remains constant throughout the play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide behind a mask of falseness. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and King Claudius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a person who is sincere and genuine, in reality they are plagued with lies and evil. Their appearance makes it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth, because the characters hide behind their lies. Polonius, the king’s royal assistant, has a preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearance of a loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves and cares about his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to his son with advice that sounds sincere but in reality it is rehearsed, hollow and without feeling. Poloniusgives his advice only to appear to be the loving, caring father. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to look in front of the king good rather then actually be good: "And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou cans’t not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!" Act 1 Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessing to go away, and then he sends a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This shows his lack of trust for anyone. He gives the appearance of a confident father who trusts his son to go off on his own, when in reality he lies about his trust for his son. This is made obviuos by the fact that he sends a spy to watch him. Polonius further adds to the theme of appearance verses reality by ordering Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does not love her, he only lusts for her, in truth he has no idea whether or not Hamlet loves her. He says to her: â€Å"Ay,... ...is ,making Claudius a more deserving person to be king. As Claudius speaks in council he gives the appearance of someone who is a deserving person that should be king. Claudius is voted in as king meaning he is already approved by everyone. Claudius gives respect to his subjects giving the council the impression that he respects them. The king shows general concern for Hamlet, his nephew. These things make it very difficult to prove the truth about Claudius in the future for he has not only won the love and respect of council, But also possibly prevented a attack on Denmark (from Fortinbras) proving that he is good king that can protect the state from harm. Claudius makes it very difficult for Hamlet to prove the truth about the true nature of Claudius. Throughout the play, the characters all help to show the theme of appearance verses reality. Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern) and the king all appear to be good and honest. As Hamlet finds out, all contain lies and have hidden intentions within them. As each character is presented in the play all appear to be good and honest making it a difficult task for Hamlet to uncover the hidden truth about the nature of each character.

Ethics of Designer Babies Essay

I believe that it is unacceptable to reproduce genetically designed babies, unless it is to prevent disease or disability. Genetically designing babies can be used in many different ways. You can choose their hair and eye color, their IQ, and their special talents. People are beginning to predispose their children to be whatever they think they should be. Some want their children to be superstar athletes, while others want the next Beethoven. Others want their children to be just as they are. A deaf lesbian couple wanted to have a deaf child. Their friend donated the sperm and they asked the geneticists if it were possible to create a deaf child. A few months later, the child was born as a fully deaf baby. I believe that it is wrong to intentionally harm a fetus by giving them a disability or disease. It prevents them from living a fully functional life. If a couple were to research or visit a gene therapist, and they determined if the couple were to have a male child, the child would most definitely be born with a heart defect and would only live a few years, but if they had a female child that she would be perfectly healthy, then it is okay to provide the family security by enabling them to have a female child. By doing this, they are preventing a disability or disease. If the couple has four boys and intentionally says â€Å" If I am having a male, I want an abortion. † then that is completely immoral. In one book, Choosing Children, It asks the question: â€Å"People use antenatal or pre-implantation genetic diagnosis to have a child without disability. Is this a form of eugenics? Is it a part of a slide toward what the Nazi’s did? † . I believe that it is a form of eugenics. We are bettering the society by providing fully functional human beings. Nazi’s weren’t trying to prevent a disease or disability, they were worried about the physical features of the Jewish descent. Another book, Disability and Genetic Choice, asked if it were okay to have a Down Syndrome test. I believe that it is okay to have the testing as long as it is not the determining factor in terminating a pregnancy. This gives the parent(s) a chance to prepare themselves and be educated or give them a chance to arrange an adoption. I draw the line of designing babies at preventing disability. It is unnecessary to chose a babies hair or eye color. Just because they have a certain hair or eye color does not mean that they will be treated or act differently in society. Every genetic change has a downside, so while creating a child that is an athlete by making their uscles work harder, it is causing their heart to weaken a lot faster than someone who was not â€Å"designed†. Genetically â€Å"strengthening† babies can provide a family with a piece of mind that they will have a healthy child. Although many people want to chose how their children may look or act, having a healthy, functioning, strong child will triumph over how they may look or act. Before one thought that he could genetically design a child, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) came about. IVF then paved the way for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and preimplantation genetic selection (PGS). PGD is the process in which the doctors screen the embryos to see if any genetic disorders are present. Many of the disorders that are screened are life changing, disabling conditions. PGS is the process in which they â€Å"hand pick† the embryo without any genetic disorders and implant it back into the mother. This is the first red flag many people see in how genetically designed babies came about. This may be the only (mostly) uncontroversial part of genetics and IVF. The only ones who criticize this are those who believe that life starts at contraception. I believe that this is okay to do since it promotes bettering ones life, but this is where the line should be drawn. Another technique that is often used along with this is gender selection. The only reason I believe that it is morally correct to choose a baby’s gender is preventing disease. For example, if all the women in the family die from breast cancer, or cervical cancer by the age of 40, then it is morally acceptable to want to increase the chances of having a male child. If the only reason one wants to have a certain gendered child is for convenience then it is unacceptable. Also along these lines comes having a child to better another child’s life. Like in the book, My Sisters Keeper, the older sister was dying from a rare cancer, and the parents only choice to keep her alive was to have another child to use as â€Å"spare parts†. I believe that this is done with good intention, but it is not ethical. An article, Designer Babies: Eugenics Repackaged or Consumer Options, discusses one child being sick and his brother gave him his red blood cells before he was even born, and the sick brother was cured. They questioned this process: â€Å"Is this the beginning of a slippery slope toward â€Å"designer† or â€Å"spare parts† babies, or is the result that there are now two happy, healthy children instead of one very sick child a justification to pursue and continue procedures such as this one? †. This is the exact question I would expect anyone to ask. Although there are miracles, and high percentage rates that if a child would receive particular â€Å"parts† from a sibling then they can be cured, but there are mistakes and the unfortunate occasions where it does not work. This puts the healthy child at risk and causes them to go through unnecessary pain. I believe that the risks may outweigh the benefits in many cases. The child conceived or â€Å"designed† to better the other child’s life is just as much human as the sick `child, therefore, it is their human right that they shall be treated just as any other human being. The other ethical position would likely believe that it is the parents choice to do as they please, in means, to their children. The article The art of medicine: Designer Babies: choosing our children’s genes, discusses the absurdity of the parents to not want the best for their children. This is shown in the following statement from the article: â€Å" †¦. That is exactly what parents are supposed to do. To get our children to be healthy, well mannered, intellectually curious, and well behaved, we control what they eat, have them vaccinated, teach them manners, read to them, and discipline them when they misbehave. It would be absurd for a parent to say, â€Å"I never attempt to influence my children’s development. I just love them for who they are. † Thus, it is not influencing our children’s traits that is objectionable, but rather the means to accomplish this, that is, choosing their genes. † . This statement is true, in fact, its absolutely correct for one to think in this manner. But it is the lengths that parents go to ensure that their child will be perfect that is unethical. Although parents should shape their child’s live to be well behaved, healthy, and curious, it is up to the children to decide who they would like to be, and not be predisposed to be something in particular. The topic is so controversial, the same article that believes it is ethical to genetically design babies, The art of medicine: Designer Babies: choosing our children’s genes stated that: â€Å"A more serious objection stems from the idea that people who want to choose, in advance, the traits their child will have, and are willing to spend so much money to get a child with certain traits, demonstrate a kind of desire for perfectionism that seems incompatible with being a good parent. An insistence on having a child of a certain sort, whether a musician or an athlete or a politician, amounts to parental tyranny. †. This is also true, the idea that a parent would spend significant amounts of money to sustain perfection is ridiculous. Parents have the right to want their children to be almost â€Å"perfect† but it is their job to teach them the right way to live. By spending all of their money to ensure perfection, they are almost cheating at being a parent. Another objection to â€Å"designer babies† would be genetically designing perfect children can create a social gap in society. The art of medicine: Designer Babies: choosing our children’s genes stated that: â€Å"†¦this would exacerbate social differences and the gap between rich and poor. I seriously doubt that genetic interventions would have more of an influence than existing causes of inequality, such as rotten neighborhoods and lousy schools. In any event, prebirth genetic enhancement could be used to combat social inequality, by giving children from disadvantaged backgrounds a leg up. †. How would you tell a child the reason they aren’t as smart or as attractive as some of the other children is that they don’t have special enough blood or genes? There is already enough separation in our society. Not only rich and poor, but jocks, musicians, geeks, race, sexuality and many other groups also exist in schools. How would one like to hear of one of the new cliches in school, the â€Å"enhanced children†? I can’t imagine how it would feel to be one of the children whose parents couldn’t afford to have them â€Å"custom made†. Eventually weak and poor individuals would be terminated using this new technology. Weak children would all eventually be used as spare parts to the sick children that have been genetically designed. Parents would have children just to benefit an already existing child, and once the child was cured, the spare parts child would not have any use. Parenting would also be a thing of the past. Parents wouldn’t have to worry about teaching their children the correct ways to function in society, their children would already be predisposed to be perfect and act the correct ways. Instead of moving forward in society and technology, technically we are reverting back to the days of Hitler. Hitler terminated all the individuals that he believed were lesser human beings. The act of Hitler terminating Jewish descent individuals and the act of genetically designing babies is all in the search for perfection -the perfect human being.

Public Opinion and policy Essay

In everyday stamp classless(prenominal) Ideals, participatory Practice, Rosalee Clawson and Zoe Oxley interpret semi popular vista as an singles popular opinions and orientation courses in regards to all g all overnmental matters and policies.(424) These single nouss jointly atomic reckon 18 passeled as the overall populations opinions summarized and rout out be reflected by a peak. By collecting these opinions through the peaking process, law buildrs be app atomic number 18nt to find out these opinions into con viewration when creating and/or regulating a policy. In 1824 The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian refreshedspaper publisher conducted superstar such poll where the readers were asked to amends a postcard with their opinion virtually the presidential netdidates Andrew Jackson or antic Quincy Adams. Jackson won the poll as hygienic as the eventual election.(Franklin) This agency of opinion polling has increased over the geezerhood and evolved into a to a greater extent refined and correct re innovateation of the normal. For in lieu, instead of impartting an untrace adequate to(p), anonymous postcard, concourse atomic number 18 instead asked to submit a peck and argon required to submit some ad hominem information, which for start up ex prevail anonymous, in order to prevent the find out of someone submitting much than one survey. payable to the availability of the names and the internet, we are able to survey a tremendousr and much various theme of citizens which pull up stakes al lowly for to a greater extent accurate results. As ballotrs, we are able to rescue some control over who represents our opinions as tumefy as who we deliberate go away make decisions that are truly for the progression of the nation and society. By apprehension the five linkage fabrics established by Norman Luttbeg (Robert & Kent, 20-21) we are able to chat how public opinion nominate impart the formulation of a public p olicy.1. The apt- active illustration assumes that all voting citizens are level-headed, informed, snarly and semi semipolitically active individuals. This forge presents the belief that if illustrations do non make decisions to encounter the demands of the mountain, past the people will step in that representative. This model is the least belike to be apparent since the legal age of the public does non keep close tabs on political actions. The largest flaw with this model is that we are presume all takers are enligh work and apt approximately a particular cut and/or bottomlanddidate.2. The political Parties Model takes sharpen when an individual has an overall agreement with the bringing close togetherls of an individual company. Citizens identify with a party whose overall attitude and beliefs mesh with their own. A major flaw within this model is the belief that representatives feelpressured to take actions that are for the betterment of the party j ust now not unendingly for the individual citizen.3. The Interest Groups Model establishes that the public potentiometer express their opinions to lawmakers by forming a assort who will advocate for a collective cause. The groups protrude pressure on the lawmakers and parties electorally by rallying behind those that will publicly promote them. As easy as monetarily by donating pecuniary resource to those individuals and/or parties. By understanding this particular model we are able to see the likelihood of one group creation much represented than another in society. This would bring forth strife among the people as the group who is the least wealthy would be more than likely to be underrepresented even though that group could contain a more accurate representation of the overall public opinion.4. The Delegate Model maintains that a representative is elected establish on the candidates set but not necessarily their spatial relation on the issues. This model varies from the Rational Activist model in that it sets more responsibility on the candidate to follow the opinions of the constituency or face being re pose and not place the responsibility on the public to educate themselves. composition the Delegate Model and the Rational Activist Model are rattling similar the key difference is in noting that this model places more pressure on a candidate to follow their constituencys ideas even if the candidate believes that other options would be in the best interest of the constituents.5. The communion Model speaks on the idea that a representative will act on their own belief that may not be in complete coalescence with their constituency but payable to the unlikelihood that the lawmaker will go directly against their constituency they are still placing public opinion in their favor. This model provokely displays that a representatives set and character may eff more into consideration with a voter than that representatives stance on a particu lar issue. (WK 2008) When we phrase population we are referring to a large mass of people that represent the essence of a geographical area. (Robert & Kent, 28) Population can be that of a country, postulate, city or even a university leading to passing large groups of people that would take as well as much condem body politic to poll individually. in spite of appearance any puddlen population we take examples, collect data from a share of a population in an case to estimate the overall opinions of the collective group. at bottom these subsets of populations the results may not be a completely accurate reflection of the overall population. Religion,race and income are dotors that can greatly sway the outcome but near instances are unintentional. (US History) A biased sample distribution is where thither has been a methodical selection of the participants in an effort to achieve a planned outcome. An unintentional leadrence aptitude take place with a tele shout sampl ing. The University of Texas at Austin elaborated on this bias in regards to telephone sampling. For instance, if the beat of people who are without phones, or those who plain dont answer the phone are not considered this can greatly skew the results. Truly random samplings are where the participants are participating solely due to chance and where every varying subset of citizens has an commensurate chance to be selected. (Rosalee & Zoe, 29-30) A sample will very rarely watch the exact fates as it is passing likely that they will miss a group of people since the entire population is not participating and we are taking myopicr groups to represent the entirety.The confidence level is a mathematical probability measure that tells us how reliable our data is in equipment casualty of the true. We keep this probability to a pliable number by keeping the number of individuals polled low. Polls are kept to less than 1,000 doents due to the margin of error as well as the fact tha t the accuracy improves only marginally with larger samples. (Robert & Kent 30) The 1936 poll conducted by Literacy Digest proclaimed that the republican candidate was likely to be the overwhelming victor of the death chairial election when in actuality it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt that won the bid for prexy. Seeing as how this poll was conducted at a judgment of conviction where the majority of people were dealing with the moment of the stock market crash and the posterior great depression we can judge that the majority of the people polled were people who had the funds to subscribe to a weekly magazine, own a telephone and maybe an automobile. The republican candidate was projected to be the winner most likely due to the ample Republican participants of the survey. During this same election George Gallups the Statesn Institute of habitual Opinion did project the winner to be Franklin Delano Roosevelt, which placed the Gallup poll into the spotlight. It is believed th at the Gallup poll was able to accurately predict the outcome due to their preference of using a smaller and more several(a) sample. (Polling the Nations)Ideologies are the beliefs of an individual about the various social, cultural, political and economic trading operations within a society. An individual forms opinions base on their beliefs, life experience, genetics and numerous an(prenominal) factors that as a whole make up their political political thinkableness. (Rosalee & Zoe, p62) The liberal political theory is establish on the beliefs that government interposition in economic matters, as well as a basic belief in the comparability of the people. While a conservatives ideology is based on the beliefs that on that point should be minimal government interpolation in all matters, as well as an focus on usance and individual responsibility. (Robert & Kent, p72-73)There are five main influences that will affect how a person rises their ideology family, gender, re ligion, ethnicity, and/or region. alone of these influences will combine, influencing the opinions and beliefs of the citizen. Since a person develops opinions based on the experiences and knowledge they brook veritable over the course of their lives, at that place can be instances where a person can completely flip-flop on their true ideals as time progresses and bit this is highly unlikely it is still possible.( Pelin, Erik, Jackie) For instance, a person who grew up in an affluential conservative home base may find as they get older and more independent that their view of the world is vastly varied from that of their families. This can too lead to strife amongst families in instances where there is an obvious divide on the ideals. A person who is witness to the convert of ideas amidst the opposing sides is likely to be influenced by the attitudes and opinions of the people while also comparing those individuals ideals to their behaviors, character, and reliability.Cons ervatives and Liberals have very different ideological standpoints and many Americans tend to tumble towards one or the other in regards to their personal beliefs toward public policy qualification and governing styles. However, it has been discovered that the majority of the present American public do not identify themselves as adhering to one tight ideology but instead place themselves somewhere in the middle. (Robert & Kent, p83) Conservatives have the highest percentage of individuals who are uncompromising ideologues. (Gallup-a) But there are many individuals from either side that can be uncompromisingin their ideals and take their truth as the one and only truth.In understanding a persons chosen ideology we are faced with an interesting fact that while most people tend to identify themselves as conservative, the overall majority of the public tends to vote more liberally. ( nates, 2014) Conservatives are ideologically defined by their strict adherence to traditional values and practices as well as their support for little to no governmental regulation and their emphasis on individual citizens taking personal responsibility. Liberals are alternatively defined by their belief that the government should be active in the regulation of the people in order to protect the citizens from the possibility of anisometric and discriminatory actions. (Rosalee & Zoe, p134) Liberals are also know by their beliefs in the overall equality of citizens, protection of liberties and progressive thinking that is based on the idea that there is overall an essential goodness to the mass populous. While there are vast differences between these opposing sides, it is possible to see how a person may agree with a conservative view of government while simultaneously believing in the human-centered attributes of the liberal view.Individuals will usually develop an allegiance to a particular party (typically Democrat or Republican, though many other political parties have emerge d), or will categorize themselves as being an independent of a specific party affiliation. An individuals party credit gives us a better idea on how that person will vote in elections as people tend to follow their elected partys specific views on an issue as well as electorally support a political leader of the party, but that is not always the case. caller identification has been depict as being a psychological identification, or being the way an individual has come to their current attitudes towards public policy by way of their individual life experience, that will continue to influence how cutting information is processed. (Thomas & Geoffrey)If we were to question an individuals likelihood to remain a blotto voter for one particular party, the knot Model theory will give us such a theory to go on as this model emphasizes an individuals party attachment ispredominately stable. One noticeable flaw in this theory is if a party were to variety their stance on an issue that o verwhelmingly goes against the beliefs or ideals of the individual, the voter may then vote against the party if not possibly switch parties altogether. But this is unlikely as the voter is more likely to respond to the transactions of their elected representatives than to their ideologies alone. (Harold, David, Marianne & Paul)By looking at the present day Republican Party we are able to see they are typically very conservative in their views, which may be why more and more religious people vote in accordance with this party. The Republican party favors towards older, affluent and white males while the parliamentary party tends to be more diverse. The Democratic Party contains a very diverse group of people and is weighted in the areas of women, race and sexual orientation. (Gallup-b) The majority of junior Americans also identifies with the Democratic Party. By comprehend the makeup of these parties we can deduce that it is likely the Democrats are representative of a new scho ol wave that is pushing for a more liberalistic approach. (Adam, 2014)The presidential plaudit rating is one of the main political opinion polls taken and center on by the media. This ranking shows whether the public generally approves or disapproves of the job performance of the person holding Americas highest state of affairs. In studying the inconsistent locomote and climbs of the flattery rating there have been certain trends believed to be the cause of some high points during a presidential term. (Rosalee & Zoe, 109) The vacation effect is the first trend that will take place during the days aft(prenominal) a President takes office. This effect refers to the initial phase after(prenominal) the swearing in of the president into the office. Since this man is entering office with a clean sheet, and has recently come off of an approval high as evidenced by his election, people are more likely to be positive towards actions taken by the president. until nowtually there wil l come a time where a problem is encountered and the presidents plan of action will no doubtedly upset a cluster of people. after this point there can be varying reasons for the day-to-day rising and travel of the approval rating. (Robert & Kent, 120)In some instances a presidents rating can climb when the nation has been confronted with a foreign event that involves America and possibly a crisis for the American people. This idea is referred to as the rally round the sword lily effect. Robert Erikson and Kent Tedin write in American Public Opinion (121) this effect is likely to occur due to the desire of the American people to feel united behind a leader. One of the most accurate examples of this would be the attitude of the American people after the attacks that took place on 9/11 and the subsequent skyrocketing in the approval ratings for President George W. Bush. Upon deeper evaluation of this occurrence when there is more of a relative calming of the people and the effects of war, both financially as well as the casualties incurred, the approval ratings are then subject to drop, one could imagine when reality sets in. (Rosalee & Zoe, 111)The final source for the possible explanations behind drastic increases and decreases in a presidential approval rating is the state of the economy. An economy that is poorly performing will likely result in low approval ratings for the President and a comfortable economy to increase the approval rating. harmonize to Kevin Hoover in his article Phillips kink up, during a low economic point there will be high rates of unemployment and inflation. These two factors can have a substantial and negative rival on an individuals livelihood. President Obama was elected during a time of economic strife due to many factors including a housing market crash as well as the weighing court of the War on Terror. Even though Obama was not in the presidential office during the onset of the war, nor was he to point for the inevitabl e housing market crash, his approval rating suffered due to the onset of these events aftereffects.BibliographyRobert S. Erikson and Kent L. Tedin, American Public Opinion, New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2011 Rosalee A. Clawson and Zoe M. Oxley, Public Opinion Democratic Ideals, Democratic Practice. uppercase D.C., 2013 The University of Texas at Austin. Biased Sampling and Extrapolation. hold up circumscribed August 28, 2012.https//www.ma.utexas.edu/users/mks/statmistakes/biasedsampling.html Pelin Kesebir, Erik Phillips, Jackie Anson, Tom Pyszczynski, flat Motyl, ideological Consistency across the Political Spectrum Liberals are More Consistent but Conservatives Become More Consistent When move with Existential Threat (February 11, 2013). http//ssrn.com/abstract=2215306John Sides, Why Most Conservatives are in secret Liberals, The Washington Post, March 6, 2014. http//www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/06/why-most-conservatives-are-secretly-liberals/ G allup-a. Conservatives Remain the Largest Ideological Group in U.S. Last limited January 12, 2012. http//www.gallup.com/poll/152021/conservatives-remain-largest-ideological-group.aspx Gallup-b. Democrats Racially Diverse Republicans by and large White Last modified February 8, 2013 http//www.gallup.com/poll/160373/democrats-racially-diverse-republicans-mostly-white.aspx US History. American Political Attitudes and exponentiation What Factors Shape Political Attitudes? Last modified January, 2013.http//www.ushistory.org/gov/4b.aspChristopher Ellis and James A. Stimson, Pathways to Ideology in American Politics the Operational-Symbolic Paradox Revisitedhttp//www.unc.edu/jstimson/Working_Papers_files/Pathways.pdf Harold D. Clarke, David Sanders, Marianne C. Stewart and Paul Whitely, The kinetics of Party Identification, in Political woof in Britain, edited by Harold D. Clarke (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2004), 185-186. https//www.essex.ac.uk/bes/bookfiles/Sanders-ch06.pdfFrankl in & marshall College. The First Political Poll. Last modified June 18, 2002. http//www.fandm.edu/politics/politically-uncorrected-column/2002-politically-uncorrected/the-first-political-poll WK, Ph.D. Candidate, The Role of Salience on the Relationship between Public polity and Public Opinion (Paper prepared for DC AAPOR Student Paper Competition, December 12, 2008) http//www.dc-aapor.org/documents/spc08wk.pdf

Nadine grodimer’s The train from Rhodesia

Nadine grodimers The carry from Rhodesia BY jzy240 Nadine Gordimers nobel prize quarrel To sum up the speech, Nadine Gordimer is grammatical construction that gentleman as a species are natturally wondering(a) and are constantly advancing. We always compulsion the answer to all the questions. That we have evolved to carry to find these answers quicker. Yet we may not be able to find these answers. This is where fantasise and myth can gives us the answers to compincate for the drop of the truth. They combine what is known and what we want to know. That compose and life go hand in hand with achother.Metaphorical language in The rail in from Rhodesia Throughout the short story the correspond itself is a metaphor. Not easily-envisioned one til now a metaphor all the same. It is mentioned to be a puppet. For example the steaming affection of the resting beast. The use of the word beast represents the train as uncontrollable and aggressive. in any case the sound of the trai ns whistle is an eerie sound, like the howl of a wolf. The train isnt beneficial an out of control beast, it is like a chained beast. It was blind and pulled helplessly such as an oxen pulls a farmers plough.However for all its anamalistic qualities the train is given the human qualities. An example would be when the train calls out Im coming is saying that the train is able to speak, therefor grown it human qualities. The train cries out and once again there was no answer this represents earthly concern and how they have been calling out throughout the centuries to o avail. We called out in plea in song and in some(prenominal) other ways, yet no retort from anything, other than humans, came back. The train then mocks mans everlastingly desire for an omnipotent creator, or at least an answer.

Dutch Disease

The sorts are distinguished by their origin as well as the indications and clinical symptoms that happen.Later on 1970, when oil price soured by 4 times; UK was tempted to invest in North Sea oil industry in Scotland.Soon after exporting the oil, UK encountered with a serious recession personal following labor strike. Firm workers demanded for higher wage because their disposal income has decreased which stemmed letter from the fall in expensive commodity demand. UK has become a net export of oil and worth Pound got appreciated.Dutch disease is merely arithmetic.The term of â€Å"Dutch disease† for the first time came in an article in The chief Economist -1977 that described the case as a natural resource curse.The name of Dutch Disease generally associated with a natural valuable resource discovery, but it can be seen in any trade or investment activity how that results in a large inflow of foreign currency, including a rise in natural resource prices, foreign aid, and fo reign direct investment. The inflow of American treasures into Spain in 16th and gold discoveries in Australia in the 1850s are other two example of Dutch Disease diagnosis. By 1978, how this story repeated in Iran.

It normally contributes to a countrys currency appreciating in value.Russia is likely to be another innocent victim of this disease. Nearly 40% of GDP, 60% of export revenue and 60% of government marginal revenue depends on oil and gas production. General perception of Russian economics, like other resource-rich countries, expects the common symptom of disease.Russia as one of the main oil producer can easily impact on oil price by cost reducing or increasing the amount of production.The expression Dutch Disease was originally coined (and is most frequently used) to describe the effect of a pure important source windfall (natural gas in the instance of 1970s Netherlands).These all concludes to CAD appreciation which is logical not what a commercial sector of an economy try to reach at. Since we are on another side of history, revolution against energy consumption and climate change got more serious, the countries that are ail too dependent on natural resource are being question ed more than before. Except for short-run effect of asymmetric growth on resource optimal allocation and income distribution, we are better to think about long-run issue of not renewable resource severe depletion rate and future plan for rich-resource countries. 2.

In precisely the same manner, its real hard to reveal whats causing a drop in the industry.Increase in foreign currency 3. Foreign direct investment 4. Foreign aid 5. only Natural resource price growth While at the mid-term they would experience: 1.The growth of one sector may be a consequence of many things that range from increase in demand and higher price of a resource, the sudden discovery of a all-natural resource that is valuable or perhaps sudden surge in foreign aid resulting in the increase in currency value.Become a net import of manufactured goods 6. Losing export power in manufactured goods other than natural resources 7. Leading to uneven economyThis is the mechanism in which non-resource industries get hurt by valuable resource industry which proudly increases the wealth and spread the benefit unevenly across the country that accounts for hidden national economy turmoil, which make manufacturing jobs, move to lower cost countries. Canada logical and Oil Sand Feve r (3.

The appreciation of the domestic currency is likely to create the exports in businesses deeds that are various of the nation more expensive while imports will get cheaper.Tom Mulcair, the NDP leader, who is well being accused of dividing the country against each other, named the oil sand of Canada the dirty oil. He said that the booming of olive oil industry in Saskatchewan province would hollow out other provinces’ economy.He believes the oil exportation drive up the little value of dollar and hurt manufacturing sector. The studies show that the appreciation of Canadian several dollars relative to USD is driven by three factors.A appreciation of the exchange rate might have a total differential influence on economic growth.Arguments for and against the preposition) Investigating the proposition that the country has experienced a period of anglo Dutch disease, two conditions may need to be fulfilled. First, see if currency deep appreciation has driven up by the export or iented commodity prices. Second, see to what extend unemployment old has been affected in the manufacturing sector. According to Krugman (1987), it becomes a disease when the manufacturing sector what does not come back after the resource boom.

Competitiveness is lost by the country.(5. Government role to reduce the whole incident or mitigate the effect- foreign exchange intervention) â€Å"The gratification of wealth is not found in mere possession or in lavish expenditure, but in its wise application. – Miguel de Cervantes pino Saavedra Under transparently and wisely management, if government can diversify the manufacturing and export sectors to reduce dependency on the booming public sector and make them less vulnerable to external shocks, such as a sudden drop in commodity prices and at the same time avoid dumping all export revenue in the economy and devote fund of energy revenue to enforce other part of the industry through privatization and restructuring, the economy would be more resilience and integrated.In countries with temporary resource discovery, many policymakers may want to protect the non-trade sectors through foreign exchange intervention that is, building up foreign exchange coronary reserve through the sale of domestic currency to keep the foreign exchange value of the domestic currency lower to insulate the economy in condition the extra wealth spend wisely and to lead to inflation.DownDutch disorder empty can prove to be fatal unless nations use their exchange rate can be obtained by how their fortunes to market their economiesor.Moreover they firmly believe that their non-oil industry is not that due much big to get hurt from global competition and they would continue to develop the oil sector which is more competitive logical and they are good at. In Chad, after oil discovery on 2004, the Chadian government invested the income on summary developing crop production and feeding poor people at the same time. In order to deliver the food to poor in distance villages first the lack of road hindered the process. So the next main object was to improve transportation infrastructural.

Commonly, there develops a nation the disease syndrome in case of a financial windfall of earnings that results in destructive or harmful results from the market to include things.There are twenty two policies how to spend the money. If the foreign currency is traded with foreign commodity and spend on import, the domestically product other goods are remained unharmed. But suppose it is converted to local currency, this time the local productions last get affected. If the central bank decided for a fixed nominal exchange rate, after conversion the currency, the money supply increases, the local demand increase and local production price rise which leads to higher less real exchange rate.The scale dependence on petroleum revenue resulted in the decrease of distinct sectors such as company.M. and J. P. Neary.

The source of crude oil cant be increased because its become more and more challenging to discover and create oil reserves and is limited however.†¢Coulombe, S. , R. Lamy and S. old Rogers (2007).Second, the petroleum sector infrastructure is in disrepair.htm †¢Ebrahim-zadeh, Christine (March 2003, Volume 40, Number 1). â€Å"Back to very Basics – Dutch Disease: Too much wealth managed unwisely†. Finance and Development, A quarterly magazine of the IMF. IMF.